沉积物中生物活性磷赋存形态对耗氧有机物的响应

[目的] 本研究为验证耗氧有机物影响沉积物中生物活性磷的赋存形态的假说。[方法]以葡萄糖代替耗氧有机物，将沉积物暴露于耗氧有机物30天。[结果表明] 不充气时，葡萄糖浓度0、2、4、8 mg/L下的表层沉积物Ex-P含量为0.02±0.01、0.02±0.01、0.03±0.01、0.02±0.01 μmol/g；充气时，相应葡萄糖浓度下的表层沉积物Ex-P含量为0.03±0.00、0.03±0.01、0.03±0.01和0.06±0.02μmol/g，葡萄糖浓度8mg/L下的Ex-P含量高于葡萄糖浓度0mg/L下的（P< 5%）。不充气时，葡萄糖浓度0、2、4和8mg/L 下的表层沉积物IP含量为0.96±0.42、0.74±0.29、0.97±0.78和0.88±0.22μmol/g；充气时，相应葡萄糖浓度下的表层沉积物IP含量为0.37±0.10、0.46±0.16、0.41±0.06和0.69±0.05μmol/g，葡萄糖浓度8mg/L下的IP含量高于葡萄糖浓度0mg/L下的（P< 5%）。[结论]耗氧有机物对沉积物中生物活性磷有双重阈值作用。     

低磷和铝毒耦合胁迫对杉木叶片抗坏血酸——谷胱甘肽循环的影响

为揭示抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(As A-GSH)循环在杉木适应低磷和铝毒胁迫中的作用,以耐低磷和铝毒胁迫的杉木家系YX3及对低磷和铝毒胁迫敏感的杉木家系YX12为试验材料,研究不同处理下[对照处理(CK)、低磷处理(-P)、铝处理(Al)和低磷加铝处理(-P+Al)]2个杉木家系叶片中As A-GSH循环代谢关键酶的变化规律。结果表明:不同胁迫处理下(-P、Al和-P+Al),2个杉木家系的丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著高于各自对照(-P处理下YX12叶片MDA含量除外),而且在Al和-P+Al处理下,耐性杉木家系YX3叶片中MDA含量均小于敏感型杉木家系YX12。进一步分析表明,与各自对照相比,不同胁迫处理增加了2个杉木家系叶片中的As A和DHA含量,同时提高了其叶片中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,而且除DHA含量外,在-P、Al和-P+Al处理下耐性杉木家系YX3叶片中APX、GR、MDHAR、DHAR和As A含量均高于敏感型杉木家系YX12。此外,耐性杉木家系YX3叶片中还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量以及As A/DHA值和GSH/GSSG值均高于敏感型家系YX12。因此,上述结果表明在不同胁迫条件下,杉木幼苗通过提高叶片抗氧化物质含量和As A-GSH循环关键酶活性来清除过量的活性氧,减轻胁迫诱导的氧化损伤;不同胁迫处理下,2个杉木家系叶片抗氧化物质含量及As A-GSH循环中关键酶活性响应的差异表明耐性杉木家系YX3具有较高的As A—GSH循环效率和抗氧化物质再生能力,从而有效抑制胁迫诱导的氧化损伤,这可能是其具有较强耐性的重要原因之一。     

Phosphorus availability and farm structural factors: examining scarcity and oversupply in north‐east Germany

Assessing factors influencing phosphorus (P) availability in soils is important in preventing its overexploitation and excessive application in agricultural systems. Despite high historical P applications in the federal state of Brandenburg (Germany), county data on soil test P (STP) reveal considerable disparities in soil available P. In addition, negative soil balances as a result of small mineral P and manure inputs have been observed, raising questions about the factors leading to this situation. Our work focused on identifying possible causes operating at the farm management level by conducting a letter survey in two administrative districts of Brandenburg, the counties Barnim and Uckermark, linking farm management factors (ownership type, farm size, land tenure, animal husbandry with or without grassland and its intensity, presence of a biogas plant and organic production) to farmers’ self‐indicated levels of STP. Small‐ to medium‐sized individual farms tended to have (very) high STP, while large partnership farms and companies/cooperatives were sensitive to factors resulting in low STP. Farms with low shares of land ownership, the presence of grassland, extensive cattle farming and stockless organic farming had lower STP. On the other hand, biogas plants, partly in combination with intensive livestock (cattle) farming, were associated with larger STP. It was concluded that more care should be devoted to the design of agricultural policies and that further (inter‐ and transdisciplinary) research on this topic is needed.     

钒钼黄比色法测定食品中磷的研究

建立了钒钼黄比色法测定食品中磷的检测技术 ,该法通过消解液酸度的调节 ,显色剂的替换 ,应用钒钼黄比色法测定食品中磷的含量.当磷溶液浓度范围在[1mg/L～20 mg/L ]时 ,线性回归良好 ;回收率范围为94%～97% .用此法测定了国家标准参考物质 ,与国标方法测定食品中磷的含量进行了比对 ,结果表明 :测定结果与国标方法的测定结果比较无显著统计学差别 ,说明该方法可用于食品中磷的测定.     

不同施磷水平对橡胶幼苗光合与生理代谢的影响

通过盆栽试验研究不同施磷水平对橡胶树幼苗叶片光合与代谢的影响，为橡胶幼龄胶园施肥量提供科学依据。以热研7-33-97嫁接苗为材料，设置5个施磷水平(不施磷为对照)对橡胶树幼苗叶片磷含量、光合作用和代谢特征的影响。结果发现：在土壤施磷水平为1 000 mg/kg时，可以保障橡胶幼苗的正常生长，同时增加光合速率和促进生理代谢；低浓度施磷水平(≤500 mg/kg)时，表现为施磷不足；高浓度施磷水平(≥2 000 mg/kg)对橡胶幼苗叶片光合和生理代谢造成抑制作用。     

氮、磷添加对青藏高寒草甸土壤碳氮磷化学计量特征影响的Meta分析

为了解青藏高原高寒草甸土壤碳(Carbon,C)、氮(Nitrogen,N)、磷(Phosphorus,P)化学计量特征对氮、磷添加的响应,提高养分管理水平及草地生态系统的养分平衡。本研究严格筛选出21篇文章(612项数据)进行Meta分析,通过亚组分析分析了不同施肥方式(氮添加、磷添加、氮磷添加)、不同施肥强度(轻度、中度、重度)对青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P化学计量特征的影响。研究结果表明：养分添加显著增加了青藏高原草地土壤C,N,P含量;氮添加对土壤的增加效应随施肥强度增加而增加,磷轻度施肥(20g·m^-2以下)处理、氮磷添加轻度施肥处理下的土壤C,N,P含量及化学计量比增加效果最好。本研究结果总体反映出氮、磷添加对青藏高原高寒草甸土壤产生积极影响,研究结果可为青藏高原草地生态系统的保护提供科学依据。     

不同氮磷水平下不同土层中紫花苜蓿细根周转特征

为探讨不同氮磷配施条件下紫花苜蓿细根周转及不同土层分布动态特征,分析苜蓿细根周转各指标之间的关系。采用双因素随机区组设计进行田间试验,设置4个施磷水平［0（P₀）、50（P₁）、100（P₂）和150 kg·hm^-2（P₃）］和两个氮水平［0（N₀）和120 kg·hm^-2（N₁）］,共计8个处理,通过微根管根系监测0~60 cm的土层细根周转特征。结果表明：在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,紫花苜蓿细根总现存量、细根表面积密度、细根生产量和死亡量呈先增加后降低的趋势,在P₂条件下达到最大值,且P₁、P₂处理显著大于P₀处理（P<0.05）,在相同施磷条件下,N₁处理显著大于N₀处理。在不同土层中,在相同施氮条件下,随着施磷量的增加,苜蓿细根现存量在0~30 cm土层中呈先增加后降低的趋势,在0~15 cm土层中,P₂处理苜蓿细根现存量显著高于其他处理（P<0.05）。不同处理下,苜蓿细根现存量主要集中在15~30 cm土层。在相同施氮条件下,随施磷量的增加,苜蓿细根周转率呈先降低后增加的趋势。细根周转率受细根现存量与细根死亡动态变化的影响较大。细根死亡量与周转率拟合的相关系数最大,拟合效果最好。综上所述,当施磷（P₂O₅）量为100 kg·hm^-2、施氮（N）量为120 kg·hm^-2时,能够显著增加苜蓿细根的现存量和根表面积密度,进而促进苜蓿根系周转和生长。     

鸡蛋蛋壳品质的营养调控研究进展

蛋壳质量是商品蛋及种蛋生产与销售的重要影响因素。文章从蛋壳的形成及其品质衡量指标入手,从矿物质、维生素、蛋白质和糖类及其相关物质、生物活性物质等方面对鸡蛋蛋壳品质的调控进行综述,以期为生产中进行蛋壳品质调控提供参考。     

氮磷肥对季节性栽培紫花苜蓿生长及再生的影响

为探讨江淮地区紫花苜蓿季节性栽培体系中氮磷肥供应对干物质产量及再生的影响,试验设置4个磷（P₂O₅）水平处理（0、50、100、150 kg·hm^-2）及4个氮（N）水平处理（0、60、120、180 kg·hm^-2）,研究了干物质产量及产量构成因子、地上部氮磷含量及累积量、再生6和12 d的生长量等指标对氮磷肥投入的响应。结果表明：1）施用氮肥及磷肥均显著促进了紫花苜蓿的生长。在低磷供应条件下,干物质产量随供氮量的增加而增加;在高磷条件下,适宜生长的最优施氮量为120 kg·hm^-2。对不同施氮处理而言,饲草干物质产量均随施磷量的增加显著增加。2）干物质产量与地上部氮含量、地上部氮累积量、地上部磷累积量间存在显著正相关关系。3）氮磷肥施用可以促进植株残茬再生,0、50、100、150 kg·hm^-2磷处理下适宜残茬再生所需的施氮量分别为180、120、120、60 kg·hm^-2。刈割6 d后残茬的再生芽芽长及叶面积、刈割12 d后叶面积均与再生生物量间存在显著正相关关系。可见,江淮地区紫花苜蓿季节性栽培体系中施用磷肥可在一定程度上减少氮肥的用量。当磷肥施用量分别为0、50、100、150 kg·hm^-2时,适宜生长及再生的氮肥推荐用量分别为180、120、120、60 kg·hm^-2。江淮地区紫花苜蓿季节性栽培体系中推荐年施磷量及施氮量分别为100及120 kg·hm^-2,研究结果可为紫花苜蓿季节性栽培技术中的肥料管理提供理论依据。     

A geographical approach to identify phosphorus-efficient genotypes among landraces and wild ancestors of common bean

Cultivars of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) capable of yielding well at low levels of native or added phosphorus (P) are highly desirable in many tropical production systems. The objective of the present study was to identify geographical regions which might be sources of such genotypes. A total of 364 landraces, cultivars and wild genotypes, drawn from a broad geographic range, were divided on the basis of growth habit into four field trials, each comprising two levels of P, stressed and unstressed, on an infertile Andosol in Popayan, Colombia. The regression relationship between grain yield per plant in the presence and in the absence of stress was determined, and each genotype's deviation from this relationship was used as a measure of P-efficiency. There was highly significant variation in efficiency among genotypes in all growth habits, and in climbing beans there were consistent regional differences, superior genotypes being identified with greater frequency among those from Bolivia, West Mexico and South Mexico-West Guatemala. The latter region was promising for prostrate bush genotypes also. Wild beans in general performed relatively poorly; it appears that P-efficiency traits in P. vulgaris have been acquired during or after domestication. These results confirm that genetic differences in P-efficiency exist among common bean genotypes and suggest that these are related to geographic origin. Furthermore, the use of a representative sample of germplasm can help to identify segments of the gene bank that are especially promising as sources of desirable traits. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.